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Según Paul Auwaeter, la intoxicación se habría debido al consumo de agua con arsénico.
El director de la División de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Departamento de la Universidad Johns Hopkins, manifestó que el deceso de El Libertador tal vez no haya sido causado por la tuberculosis como se ha creído hasta ahora.
En declaraciones que publica el sitio en Internet eurekalert.org, el científico indica que la razón de su muerte probablemente haya sido más siniestra: un envenenamiento crónico con arsénico que le causó una grave enfermedad respiratoria.
Auwaerter dice que tras considerar los muchos atentados que Bolívar sufrió durante su carrera como revolucionario pensó en la posibilidad de que su fallecimiento haya sido resultado de un asesinato. Sin embargo, señala que la mayor parte de los indicios y síntomas apuntan a que el envenenamiento tuvo su origen en el consumo de agua contaminada. Además, según el científico, Bolívar solía consumir arsénico como remedio para sus enfermedades y malestares, entre ellos dolores de cabeza, hemorroides y episodios crónicos de inconsciencia.
"El arsénico era en realidad una medicina común de esos tiempos. Más aún, recientemente se descubrió que el rey Jorge III de Inglaterra, contemporáneo de Bolívar, tenía altos niveles de arsénico en su sistema", manifestó. Aun cuando admite que el asesinato agrega un marco siniestro a la muerte de El Libertador, Aurwaerter descarta esa posibilidad.
"Es improbable que haya sido un envenenamiento agudo", según manifiesta. El científico explica que sus estudios revelan un envenenamiento crónico progresivo que se demuestra por los síntomas que le llevaron a la muerte: oscurecimiento de la piel, dolores de cabeza y pérdida extrema de peso.
Aurwaerter dice que el fluido verde en los pulmones y el corazón de Bolívar sugieren que sufría una enfermedad bacteriana llamada bronquiextasis muy común en esos tiempos, y que es improbable que el fluido verde pericardial detectado en la autopsia haya sido un síntoma de tuberculosis.
Además, se descubrió que tenía un tumor pulmonar que le impedía hacerse oír durante los últimos meses de su vida, lo cual agrega el cáncer como una complicación más al envenenamiento crónico.
"Es muy difícil ser definitivo. Debo admitir que la tuberculosis no es una explicación irracional de su muerte. Pero hay muchos indicios que se contraponen a la tuberculosis. Las pruebas de arsénico en el tejido y cabello de Bolívar podrían responder a estos interrogantes", sugiere.
El misterio de la muerte de Bolívar será uno de los temas de la Conferencia de Clinicopatología Histórica que se realizará este fin de semana en Baltimore (Maryland). Según eurekalert.org, el presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, ha expresado especial interés en la conferencia dedicada al diagnóstico moderno de enfermedades que han aquejado a otras figuras históricas. Como resultado de ese interés, la embajada venezolana enviará una representación especial a la reunión, integrada por la consejera Regzeida González y Raquel del Rocío Gasperi, directora de la Unidad Técnica y Científica de la Oficina del Fiscal General de Venezuela, que investigó la muerte de El Libertador, según eurekalert.org.
Washington (Efe)B I O G R A F Í A S
SIMÓN BOLÍVAR
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Simón Bolívar 
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Simón Bolívar | |
 Oil painting by Ricardo Acevedo Bernal. | |
| | |
|---|---|
| In office December 17, 1819 – May 4, 1830 | |
| Vice President | Francisco de Paula Santander |
| Succeeded by | Domingo Caycedo |
| | |
| In office August 6, 1813 – July 7, 1814 | |
| Preceded by | Cristóbal Mendoza |
| In office February 15, 1819 – December 17, 1819 | |
| Succeeded by | José Antonio Páez |
| | |
| In office August 12, 1825 – December 29, 1825 | |
| Succeeded by | Antonio José de Sucre |
| | |
| In office February 17, 1824 – January 28, 1827 | |
| Preceded by | José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle |
| Succeeded by | Andrés de Santa Cruz |
| | |
| Born | July 24, 1783 Caracas, Venezuela |
| Died | December 17, 1830 (aged 47) Santa Marta, Colombia |
| Spouse(s) | María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco, commonly known as Simón Bolívar (pronounced IPA: [.si.mon .bo.li.va.]) (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) was a Venezuelan political leader. Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
Following the triumph over the Spanish Monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America, which was named Gran Colombia, and of which he was President from 1819 to 1830.
Simón Bolívar is regarded in Latin America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary and liberator. During his short life, he led Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela to independence and laid the foundations of Latin American ideology on democracy.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Biographic data
Simón Bolívar was born in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela (now the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela), on July 24, 1783 and baptised as Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios. His father was Coronel Don Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte, and his mother was Doña María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco. He had two older sisters and a brother: María Antonia, Juana and Juan Vicente. Another sister, María del Carmen, died at birth.
The surname Bolívar derives from the Bolívar aristocratic, who came from a small village in the Basque Country (Spain, Europe), called La Puebla de Bolívar.[2]
His father was a distant descendant of King Fernando III of Castile and Count Amedeo IV of Savoy, and came from the male line of the de Ardanza family.[3]
The Bolívars settled in Venezuela in the sixteenth century.
His distant ancestor was Simón de Bolívar (or Simon de Bolibar; the spelling was not standardized until the nineteenth century), who lived and worked with the governor of the Santo Domingo from 1550 to 1570.
When the governor of Santo Domingo was reassigned to Venezuela in 1589, Simón de Bolívar came with him. As an early settler in Caracas Province, he became prominent in the local society, and he and his descendants were granted estates, encomiendas and positions in the Caracas cabildo. The position of the family is illustrated by the fact that when the Caracas Cathedral was built in 1594, the Bolívar family had one of the first dedicated side chapels.
The majority of the wealth of Simón de Bolívar's descendants came from the estates. The most important of these estates was a sugar plantation in San Mateo, which came with an encomienda that provided the labor needed to run the estate.[4] In later centuries, slave and free black labor would have replaced most of the encomienda labor.
Another portion of their wealth came from the silver, gold and, more importantly, copper mines in Venezuela. In 1632, small gold deposits were first mined in Venezuela, leading to further discoveries of much more extensive copper deposits. From his mother's family the Palacioses, Bolívar inherited the copper mines at Cocorote. Slaves provided the majority of the labor in these mines.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century, copper exploitation became so prominent in Venezuela that it became known as Cobre Caracas ("Caracas copper"). Many of the mines became the property of the Bolívar family. Bolívar's grandfather, Juan de Bolívar y Martínez de Villegas, paid 22,000 ducats to the monastery at Santa Maria de Montserrat in 1728 for a title of nobility that had been granted by the king Philip V of Spain for its maintenance. The Crown never issued the patent of nobility, and so the purchase became the subject of lawsuits that were still going on during Bolívar's lifetime, when independence made the point moot. (If successful, Bolívar's older brother, Juan Vicente, would have become the Marqués de San Luis and Vizconde de Cocorote.) Bolívar used his family's immense wealth to finance his revolutionary efforts.
[edit] Early life
Bolívar's parents' circumstances forced them to entrust the baby Simón Bolívar to the care of Doña Ines Manceba de Miyares and the family's slave .la negra Hipolita.. A couple of years later Bolívar returned to the love and care of his parents, but this traumatic experience would have a severe impact on Bolívar's life. By his third birthday, his father Juan Vicente died.[1]
Bolívar's mother, doña Concepción, died when he was nine years old. He was then placed in the custody of the severe instructor Miguel José Sanz, but this relationship did not work out and he was sent back to his home. In an effort to give Bolívar the best education possible, he received private lessons from the renowned professors Andrés Bello, Guillermo Pelgrón, Jose Antonion Negrete, Fernando Vides, Father Andújar and, the most influential of all, Don Simón Rodríguez, formerly known as Simón Carreño. Don Simón Rodriguez was later to become Bolívar's friend and mentor, and instilled in the young man the ideas of liberty, enlightenment and freedom.[5]
In the meantime, all the love, affection and attention given to Bolívar was from his nanny Hipólita. Hipólita gave the young Bolívar all the affection he needed and indulged him in all his wishes and desires.[citation needed] His instructor Don Simón understood the young Bolívar's personality and inclinations, and tried from the very beginning to be an emphathetic friend. They took long walks through the countryside and climbed mountains. Don Simón taught Bolívar how to swim and ride horses, and, in the process, taught him about liberty, human rights, politics, history and sociology.[5]
[edit] Military career
At the age of fourteen, Bolívar's private instructor and mentor Don Simón Rodríguez had to abandon the country as he was accused of being involved in a conspiracy against the Spanish government in Caracas. Thus, Bolívar entered the military academy of the .Milicias de Veraguas., which his father had directed as colonel years earlier. Here he first wore military uniform. Through these years of military training, he developed his fervent passion for armaments and military strategy, which he would later employ on the battlefields of the wars of independence.[5]
A few years later, while in Paris, Bolívar witnessed the coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame, and this majestic event left a profound mark on him. From that moment he wished to emulate this triumphant glory for the people of his native land.[5]
[edit] El Libertador: The Liberator
Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807. It was during this period that he wrote his Cartagena Manifesto.
In 1813 he was given a military command in Tunja, New Granada (today Colombia), under the direction of the Congress of United Provinces of New Granada, which had formed out of the juntas established in 1810.
From New Granada Bolívar began an invasion of Venezuela on May 14. This was the beginning of the famous Admirable Campaign. He entered Mérida on May 23, where he was proclaimed as El Libertador[6], following the occupation of Trujillo on June 9. Six days later, on June 15, he dictated his famous Decree of War to the Death. Caracas was retaken on August 6, 1813, and Bolívar was ratified as "El Libertador", thus proclaiming the restoration of the Venezuelan republic. Due to the rebellion of José Tomás Boves in 1814 and the fall of the republic, he returned to New Granada, where he then commanded a force for the United Provinces and entered Bogotá in 1814, recapturing the city from the dissenting republican forces of Cundinamarca. He intended to march into Cartagena and enlist the aid of local forces in order to capture Royalist Santa Marta. However in 1815, after a number of political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled to Jamaica, where he was denied support and an attempt was made on his life, and then to Haiti, where he was granted sanctuary and protection. He befriended Alexandre Pétion, the leader of the newly independent country, and petitioned him for aid.[6]
In 1817, with Haitian soldiers and vital material support (on the condition that he abolish slavery), Bolívar landed in Venezuela and captured Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar). However, Venezuela remained at the time a captaincy of Spain, and Bolívar decided that he would first fight for the independence of New Granada (which was a vice royalty), and later consolidate the independence of Venezuela and other less politically important Spanish territories.
The campaign for the independence of New Granada was consolidated with the victory at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819. From this newly consolidated base of power, Bolívar launched outright independence campaigns in Venezuela and Ecuador, and these campaigns were concluded with the victories at the Battle of Carabobo in 1821 and the Battle of Pichincha in 1822. On September 7, 1821 the Gran Colombia (a state covering much of modern Colombia, Panama, Venezuela,and Ecuador) was created, with Bolívar as president and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
On July 26 and 27 of 1822, Bolívar held the Guayaquil conference with the Argentinian General José de San Martín, who had received the title of Protector of Peruvian Freedom in August 1821 after having partially liberated Peru from the Spanish. Thereafter, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. The Peruvian congress named him dictator of Peru on February 10, 1824, which allowed Bolívar to completely reorganize the political and military administration. Assisted by Antonio José de Sucre, Bolívar decisively defeated the Spanish cavalry at the Battle of Junín on August 6, 1824. Sucre destroyed the still numerically superior remnants of the Spanish forces at Ayacucho on December 9.
On August 6, 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru, the Republic of Bolivia was created. Bolívar is thus one of the few men to have a country named after him. The constitution reflected the influence of the French and Scottish Enlightenment on Bolívar's political thought, as well as that of classical Greek and Roman authors.[citation needed]
[edit] Proclamation of Dictatorial Power
Bolívar had great difficulties maintaining control of the vast Gran Colombia. During 1826, internal divisions had sparked dissent throughout the nation and regional uprisings erupted in Venezuela, thus the new South American union revealed its fragility and appeared to be on the verge of collapse. To preserve the union, an amnesty was declared and an arrangement was reached with the Venezuelan rebels, but this increased the political dissent in neighboring New Granada. In an attempt to keep the nation together as a single entity, Bolívar called for a constitutional convention at Ocaña during April 1828.
Bolívar's dream had been to engender an American Revolution-style federation between all the newly independent republics, with a government set up solely to recognize and uphold the rights of the individual. This dream had succumbed to the pressures of particular interests throughout the region, which rejected that model and had little or no allegiance to liberal principles. For this reason, and to prevent a break-up, Bolívar wanted to implement a more centralist model of government in Gran Colombia, including some or all of the elements of the Bolivian constitution he had written, which included a lifetime presidency with the ability to select a successor (though this presidency was theoretically held in check by an intricate system of balances).
This move was considered controversial in New Granada and was one of the reasons the deliberations in favor of such a constitution met with strong opposition at the Convention of Ocaña, which met from April 9 to June 10, 1828. The convention almost ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of the central administration. Unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, pro-Bolívar delegates withdrew from the convention, leaving it moribund. After the failure of this congress to write a new constitution, Bolívar proclaimed himself dictator on August 27, 1828 through the Decree of Dictatorship. He considered this as a temporary measure, as a means to reestablish his authority and save the republic, though it increased dissatisfaction and anger among his political opponents. An assassination attempt on September 25, 1828 failed, in part thanks to the help of his lover, Manuela Sáenz, according to popular belief. Although Bolívar emerged physically intact from the event, this nevertheless greatly affected him. Dissent continued, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador during the next two years.
[edit] Bolívar's Death
Saying, "all who served the Revolution have plowed the sea", Bolívar finally resigned his presidency on April 27, 1830, intending to leave the country for exile in Europe, possibly in France. He had already sent several crates (containing his belongings and writings, which he had selected) ahead of him to Europe.[7], but he was to die before setting sail.
On December 17 of 1830, at the age of 47, Simón Bolívar died after a painful battle with tuberculosis[8] in the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta, Gran Colombia (now Colombia). On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his aide-de-camp, General Daniel F. O'Leary to burn the remaining, extensive archive of his writings, letters, and speeches. O'Leary disobeyed the order and his writings survived, providing historians with a vast wealth of information about Bolívar's liberal philosophy and thought, as well as details of his personal life, such as his longstanding love affair with Manuela Sáenz. Shortly before her own death in 1856, Sáenz augmented this collection by giving O'Leary her own letters from Bolívar.[7]
His remains were buried in the cathedral of Santa Marta. In 1842, at the request of President José Antonio Páez they were moved from Santa Marta to Caracas, where a monument was set up for their interment in the National Pantheon of Venezuela. The 'Quinta' near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum with numerous references to his life.[9]
[edit] Private life
In 1799, following the early deaths of his father Juan Vicente (died 1786) and his mother Concepción (died 1792), he traveled to Mexico, France and Spain, at age sixteen, to complete his education. While in Madrid, he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza, who was his only wife, related to the family of the Marqués del Toro of Caracas, in 1802.[5] Eight months after returning to Venezuela with her, she succumbed to yellow fever. Bolívar returned to Europe in 1804, where he lived in Napoleonic France for a while and undertook the Grand Tour[10] During this time in Europe, it was rumored that he met Alexander von Humboldt in Paris. Humboldt wrote in 1804 of having met a young man in Paris and Humboldt had noticed how the young man loved liberty and made for some lively conversation, but he left Humboldt unimpressed.
[edit] Relatives
Bolívar had no direct descendants. His closest living relatives descend from his sisters and brother. His sister Juana Bolívar y Palacios married their maternal uncle Dionisio Palacios y Blanco and had two children, Guillermo and Benigna.
Guillermo Palacios died fighting alongside his uncle Simón in the battle of La Hogaza on December 2, 1817. Benigna had two marriages, the first one to Pedro Breceño Méndez and the second to Pedro Amestoy.[11] Their great-grandchildren, Bolívar's closest living relatives, Pedro, and Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa lived in Caracas, as of 2000.
His eldest sister, María Antonia married Pablo Clemente Francia and had four children: Josefa, Anacleto, Valentina and Pablo. María Antonia became Bolívar's agent to deal with his properties while he served as president of Gran Colombia and she was an executor of his will. She retired to Bolívar's estate in Macarao, which she inherited from him.[12]
His older brother, Juan Vicente, who died in 1811 on a diplomatic mission to the United States, had three children born out of wedlock whom he recognized: Juan, Fernando Simón and Felicia Bolívar Tinoco. Bolívar saw to their and their mother's well-being after his brother's death. Bolívar was especially close to Fernando and in 1822 sent him to study in the United States, where he attended the University of Virginia. In his long life, he had minor participation in some of the major political events of Venezuelan history and also traveled and lived extensively throughout Europe. He had three children, Benjamín Bolívar Gauthier, Santiago Hernández Bolívar and Claudio Bolívar Taraja. Fernando died in 1898 at the age of 88.[13]
[edit] Political beliefs
Bolívar described himself in his many letters as a "liberal" who believed in a "free market." He was an admirer of both the American Revolution and the French Revolution. He considered Thomas Jefferson so important that he sent his nephew to the University of Virginia. However, Bolívar differed in political philosophy from the leaders of the Revolution in the United States on two important matters: First of all, he was staunchly anti-slavery, despite coming from an area of Spanish America that relied heavily on slave labour.
Second and perhaps more notably, while he was an admirer of the United States, he did not believe that its system could function in Latin America.[14] Bolívar felt that the United States, compared to his new nation, was established in a land that was much better suited for democracy, a land and people that could survive in a much looser, more liberal government.
By contrast, he referred to Spanish America as having been subject to the "Triple yoke of ignorance, tyranny, and vice." If a republic could be established in such a land, in his mind, it would have to make some concessions in terms of liberty. This is shown when Bolívar blames the fall of the first republic on his subordinates trying to imitate "some ethereal republic" and in the process, not paying attention to the gritty political reality of South America.[14]
Among the books he traveled with were Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations;" Voltaire's "Letters," and when he wrote the Bolivian Constitution, Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws.[15] His Bolivian Constitution placed him within the camp of what would become Latin American conservatism in the later nineteenth century. The Bolivian Constitution had a lifelong presidency and a hereditary senate, essentially recreating the British unwritten constitution, as it existed at the time, without formally establishing a monarchy. It was his attempts to implement a similar constitution in Gran Colombia that led to his downfall and rejection by 1830.
In regards to his immigration policy for Colombia, he viewed the immigration of North-Americans and Europeans as necessary for improving the country's economy, arts and sciences[16], following the steps of the Latin-American criollo elites who accepted without questions many of the evolutionist, social and racial theories of their time.
[edit] Freemasonry
Simón Bolívar, like some others in the history of American Independence (George Washington, José de San Martín, Francisco Miranda), was a Freemason. He was initiated in 1803 in the Masonic Lodge Lautaro which operated in Cadiz, Spain [17]. It was in this lodge where he first met some of his revolutionary peers, like José de San Martín. In May 1806 he was conferred the rank of Master Mason in the "Scottish Mother of St. Alexander of Scotland" in Paris. During his time in London, he frequented "The Great American Reunion" lodge in London, founded by Francisco de Miranda. In April 1824, Simón Bolívar was given the 33rd degree of Inspector General Honorary.
[edit] Legacy
[edit] Political legacy
Bolívar's political legacy has been massive and he is a very important figure in South American political history. Claims to the mantle of Simón Bolívar began in the 1840s and have continued throughout modern times. The 'Bolivarianism' of the last two decades, is simply one of the latest manifestations of this phenomenon.
It took more than a decade to rehabilitate his image in South America. By the 1840s the memory of Bolívar proved useful for the construction of a sense of nationhood. In Venezuela, in particular, the state sponsored a type of a 'cult' to Bolívar, first under the President José Antonio Páez and most dramatically under President Antonio Guzmán Blanco. Because the image of Bolívar became central to the national identities of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, his mantle is claimed by nearly all politicians from all parts of the political spectrum.[18] And thus, Bolivia and Venezuela (the Bolívarian Republic of Venezuela) are both named after Bolívar.
[edit] Honors
Statues of Bolívar can be found in several parts of the world. There is a five meter tall equestrian statue in San Salvador, El Salvador, in a square also called "Plaza Bolívar". Another equestrian statue stands between the Alexandre III bridge and the Petit Palais in Paris, France, being a joint gift to the City of Paris from the "five Bolivarian republics" of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Another equestrian statue stands in the Piazzale Simón Bolívar in front of the British School, in Rome, where it faces an equestrian statue of Jose de San Martin. A statue in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. A statue in San Juan de Puerto Rico, a statue signifying the friendship between Canada and South America in Ottawa (which caused some controversy at the time of its erection), and also a bust in Sydney, Australia, a bust in Montreal, Canada, and an equestrian statue in Quebec City, in the Parc de l'Amérique Latine.
A statue in Bolivar, Missouri, which was presented by President Rómulo Gallegos of Venezuela and dedicated by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. A central avenue in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, bears his name. Bolivar, West Virginia, bears his name and displays his bust, and Frankfurt, Germany, also has a bust of the general. A monument to him stands in Washington DC. There is a statue in heart of Cairo, Egypt next to the Intercontinental Hotel (Semiramis)[19]. These are only a few of the examples.
In Santiago (Chile) a monument celebrating Latin American Freedom, was erected in 1836 at the main square (Plaza de Armas),one of the panels was dedicated to Simón Bolívar. Around 1836-40 a full size equestrian statue was erected in his honour located at a square at the beginning of the avenue that bear his name.
Furthermore, every city and town in Venezuela and Colombia (in this one each capital city but Pasto) has a main square known as Plaza Bolívar, that usually has a bust or a statue of Bolívar.[citation needed] The most famous of these[who?] Plaza Bolívar are the ones in Bogotá and Caracas. The central avenue of Caracas is called Avenida Bolívar, and at its end there is a twin tower complex named Centro Simón Bolívar built during the 1950s that holds several governmental offices. One of the main parks in Guayaquil Ecuador is named after Bolívar, El parque Bolivar. Streets, provinces, and several schools have been named after Simón Bolívar in Ecuador.
The boliviano and the Venezuelan bolívar are currencies named after Bolívar.
Simón Bolívar University in Caracas and the Bolivarian Games, a sports event involving athletes from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela are named in his honour.
The U.S. American fraternity Phi Iota Alpha mentions the ideals of Simón Bolívar and other Pan-American intellectuals among its five pillars.
[edit] See also
Find more about Simón Bolívar on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity- Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabe
- Gabriel García Márquez's novel The General in His Labyrinth (1989), a fictionalized account of Bolívar's last days
- Palomo (horse), Bolívar's horse
- Nevado, Bolívar's mucuchies dog
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 9; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
- ^ Museo Simon Bolibar, Cenarruza-Puebla de Bolívar, Spain.
- ^ ""Simón Bolívar" at GeneAll". http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=276333.
- ^ Masur, Simon Bolívar (1969), 21-22.
- ^ a b c d e Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 10; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
- ^ a b Bushnell, David. The Liberator, Simón Bolívar. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. Print.
- ^ a b Bolívar, Simón. Hope of the universe. Paris: UNESCO, 1983. Print.
- ^ Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 19; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
- ^ Simón Bolívar entry on Find a Grave.com.
- ^ John, Lynch. Simón Bolívar a life. New Haven: Yale UP, 2006. Print.
- ^ De-Sola Ricardo, Irma, "Bolívar Palacios, Juana" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Vol. 1. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1999. ISBN 980-6397-37-1 also reproduced in Simón Bolívar.org, Biografías Familiares de Simón Bolívar at Simón Bolívar, el hombre.
- ^ De-Sola Ricardo, Irma, "Bolívar Palacios, María Antonia" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Vol. 1. reproduced in Simón Bolívar.org, Biografías Familiares de Simón Bolíbar.
- ^ Fuentes Carvallo, Rafael, "Bolívar, Fernando Simón" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Vol. 1. reproduced in Simón Bolívar.org, Biografías Familiares de Simón Bolíbar.
- ^ a b Bushnell, David; Lester D. Langley (2008). Simón Bolívar: Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 136. ISBN 9780742556195. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcHpTbbV2NMC.
- ^ Lynch, John, Simón Bolívar: A Life, 33. Yale University Press, 2006
- ^ Simón Bolívar cited in Carrera Dama, Germán (1957): Sobre la colonomanía, in: Historia Mexicana no. 64, pp. 597-610, here p. 600-
- ^ http://calodges.org/ncrl/bolivar.html
- ^ Lynch, Bolívar: A Life, 299-304. For a fuller discussion of the evolution of the cult of Bolívar, see Carrera Damas, El culto a Bolívar.
- ^ http://www.egy.com/gardencity/99-06-24.shtml
[edit] Bibliography about Bolívar
- Reza, German de la. "La invención de la paz. De la república cristiana del duque de Sully a la sociedad de naciones de Simón Bolívar", México, Siglo XXI Editores, 2009. ISBN 978-607-03-0054-7
- Bushnell, David. The Liberator, Simón Bolívar. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.
- Bushnell, David (ed.) and Fornoff, Fred (tr.), El Libertador: Writings of Simón Bolívar, Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0195144819
- Bushnell, David and Macaulay, Neill. The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (Second edition). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-508402-0
- Ducoudray Holstein, H.L.V. Memoirs of Simón Bolívar. Boston: Goodrich, 1829.
- Lynch, John. Simón Bolívar and the Age of Revolution. London: University of London Institute of Latin American Studies, 1983. ISBN 9780901145543
- Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826 (Second edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986. ISBN 0-393-95537-0
- Lynch, John. Simón Bolívar: A Life, Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 0300110626.
- Madariaga, Salvador de. Bolívar. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1952. ISBN 9780313220296
- Marx, Karl. "Bolívar y Ponte" in The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Vol. III. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1858.
- Masur, Gerhard. Simón Bolívar (Revised edition). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1969.
- Mijares, Augusto. The Liberator. Caracas: North American Association of Venezuela, 1983.
- O'Leary, Daniel Florencio. Bolívar and the War of Independence/Memorias del General Daniel Florencio O'Leary: Narración (Abridged version). Austin: University of Texas, [1888] 1970. ISBN 0-292-70047-4
- Bastardo-Salcedo,JL (1993)'Historia Fundamental de Venezuela' UVC,Caracas.
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